REVIEWED RESUB1 FIR2023-0030+Life_Safety_Report+5.23.2023_8.26.51_AM+3562510RESUB
May 23 2023
CITY OF EDMONDS
DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
DEPARTMENT
REVIEWED
united
BUILDING & ENGINEERING SERVICES LLC
FIR2023-0030
ANTHOLOGY AT EDMONDS
SMOKE CONTROL REPORT
BY
CITY OF EDMONDS
PRODUCED BY
UNITED BUILDING AND ENGINEERING SERIVCES, LLC
1400 1121h Avenue SE, Suite 100 Bellevue, WA 98004
DATED
April 1, 2023
united
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1. Introduction and Project Description
The proposed project is a mid -rise apartment building located in Edmonds, Washington.
The project consists of Type I -A and V-A construction. Five levels of Type V-A construction will be utilized as
provided by Washington State Building Code Section 504.4.1. This project is not classified as a high rise as
no occupiable floor is 75 feet or move above the average grade plane elevation.
This project will contain stair and elevator pressurization.
The project has been designed in accordance with IBC Chapter 7 for fire walls, fire barriers and partitions
including exit stairs, corridors, exit passageways, mechanical shafts, etc.
Structural members for the support of fire resistance -rated assemblies will be rated to the same degree as
the assembly supported.
In accordance with IBC Chapter 7, all openings in fire rated separation assemblies will be protected with
approved opening protection to provide a rating compatible with the function of the element being
penetrated.
All means of egress will comply with the provisions of IBC Chapter 10 including applicable amendments by
Edmonds. Final / full egress design is by the architect.
Please reference the full building permit drawings for full information.
We understand that means of egress sizing was calculated in accordance with IBC Section 1005.3.1 (no
exceptions taken; is sized at 0.2 inches). With this understanding, emergency voice/alarm communication
system (IFC907.2.2.2) is required for this project.
To gain the fifth floor of Type V-A construction, the project will be utilizing the 2018 Washington State
Building Code Amendment 504.4.1. The 2018 Washington State Building Code Amendment 504.4.1 states
the following — "504.4.1 Stair enclosure pressurization increase. For Group R1 and R2 occupancies in
buildings of Type VA construction equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the maximum number of stories permitted in Section 504.2 may be
increased by one provided the interior exit stairways and ramps are pressurized in accordance with Section
909. Legally required standby power shall be provided for buildings constructed in compliance with this
section and be connected to stairway shaft pressurization equipment, elevators and lifts used for accessible
means of egress, hoistway pressurization equipment (if provided) and other life safety equipment as
determined by the authority having jurisdiction. For the purposes of this section, legally required standby
power shall comply with 2017 NEC Section 701.12, options (A), (8), (C), (D), (F), or (G) or subsequent revised
section number(s)."
All pertinent items as conveyed in this 2018 Washington State Building Code Amendment will be adhered
to for this project.
This report is the "Smoke Control Report" required by the City of Edmonds. This report is intended to
describe, in conceptual terms, the scope of the proposed smoke control systems for the project, including
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the applicable code sections, the design approach, goals of the system, smoke zones and general testing
required of the proposed smoke control system.
This report will document and communicate the overall approach to smoke management for the project.
Smoke management, as described in this report, refers to the active and passive systems within the
building that work together in such a manner so as to limit the migration of smoke from the zone of fire
origin to surrounding areas within the building. As such, the proposed approach intends that occupants
within the stairwells, and on other non -fire floors of the building, will not be exposed to harmful
concentrations of smoke. This will be accomplished by showing compliance with the criteria for shaft
pressurization and passive barriers as required by the Code. The design approach is not to perform a
tenability study of the building.
The purpose of the report is to provide a code analysis for the required smoke control system in the
building. The work was performed by UNITED in accordance with the §909 of the 2018 International
Building Code (IBC) and NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems, 2021 Edition.
The subsequent design of code compliant architectural/electrical/mechanical/fire alarm/sprinkler
components sufficient to meet UNITED design is the responsibility of that architect/engineer/designer of
record.
The smoke control system assumes other life safety systems are maintained available and operational. The
system design assumes as a minimum that the automatic sprinklers and fire detection/alarm systems will
function as designed and that the fire resistive construction will be maintained in the building. Proper
periodic inspection, testing, and maintenance of these systems is required per the appropriate codes and
standards.
For future tracking, revisions are indicated by underscored text to denote new wording (new wording) and
strike- through text to denote deleted wording (deleted- • ^��' ^^).
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Revision Histo
Revision
Changes Made
Revised by
Revised on
0
Smoke Control Report
Bob Long
4/1/2023
This report may not be transmitted or distributed to any parties without the written approval of United
Building and Engineering Services, LLC. At this time, this report is only transmitted to AMA Architects,
Project Team and the City of Edmonds. All pertinent design information has been coordinated with the
responsible design entity.
Written By
United Building and Engineering Services, LLC
1400 112th Ave SE, Suite 100
Bellevue, WA 98004
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Applicable Codes
The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project will be located within the City of Edmonds, Washington
where the following codes are currently enforced by the City of Edmonds.
• 2018 ICC International Building Code (IBC) with Washington and Edmonds amendments
0 2018 ICC International Fire Code (IFC) with Washington and Edmonds amendments
0 2018 ICC International Mechanical Code (I MC) with Washington and Edmonds amendments
• 2018 Uniform Plumbing Code (IPC) with Washington and Edmonds amendments
• 2020 NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC) with Washington and Edmonds amendments
• 2018 Washington State Energy Code
• 2019 NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
• 2019 NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives
• 2019 NFPA 105, Standard for Smoke Door Assemblies and Other Opening Protectives
• 2018 NFPA 3, Standard for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems
• 2018 NFPA 4, Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing
• 2019 NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
• 2019 NFPA 14, Standard for Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
• 2019 ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
• Bellevue Fire Department Smoke Control Guidelines - Edmonds follows Bellevue smoke
control standards - SMOKE CONTROL 02.14.2018.pdf (bellevuewa.gov)
In addition to these code requirements, this analysis has been based, in part, on NFPA 92,
Standard for Smoke Control Systems (2021 edition), the SFPE Handbook of Smoke Control
Engineering (2012); and the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineers, 4th edition.
The appropriate code section references for specific requirements are indicated in this analysis. Unless
otherwise indicated, all code references contained herein are from the 2018 ICC International Building
Code, as amended.
This analysis does not include provisions from the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), ANSI A117.1, or
any state or local design standard for accessibility. However, it is the project's intent to comply with all
applicable accessibility requirements.
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11. Fire Protection and Life Safety Concepts
The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project will provide a level of fire protection and life safety for the
occupants in accordance with an overall concept established for the project. The following goals serve as
the basis for this overall fire protection and life safety concept:
1. Automatically detect all fire conditions.
2. Inform the building's occupants and the Fire Department of the condition.
3. Contain and control a developing fire condition and the smoke being produced until final
resolution by responding emergency forces.
4. To provide for the safe evacuation of occupants.
To achieve these goals, the following package of fire protection and life safety features will be provided:
• Type I -A construction.
• Type V-A construction.
• 3-hour horizontal separation between Type I -A and V-A construction.
• Complete automatic sprinkler protection throughout all areas.
• Fire department standpipe systems.
• Pressurized exit stairways and pressurized elevator shaft.
• Smoke detection in select locations.
• Occupant notification in accordance with IBC 907.2.9.1.
• Fire department radio repeater and antenna system.
• Automatic recall and emergency operation of elevators.
• Standby and emergency power systems.
• Electrical supervision and off -site alarm monitoring of sprinkler and fire alarm systems.
• Portable fire extinguishers.
This report is intended to present the smoke control approach for this project, as prescribed by the IBC.
Specific design information regarding safety systems and associated features prescribed by the IBC will be
prepared by others, including:
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• Automatic fire sprinkler systems
• Standpipe systems
• Fire detection and alarm system
• Fire-fighter's smoke control panel
• In Building Radio Coverage
• Portable fire extinguishers
The following sections of this analysis provide additional details of the operation and design features of the
fire and life safety systems to be provided for the proposed The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project.
A. Construction Classification
The project will have Type I -A and V-A construction types; with a 3-hour horizontal assembly separating the
two construction classifications in accordance with IBC § 510.2.
Type I -A construction requires those levels to be designed with noncombustible structural elements
throughout. The primary structural frame will be provided with a 3-hour fire -resistance rating and all floor
construction and secondary members will have a fire resistance rating of 2- hours.
Type V-A construction allows those levels to be constructed of protected wood framing. The primary
structural frame will be provided with a 1-hour fire -resistance rating and all floor and roof construction and
secondary members will have a fire resistance rating of 1-hour.
In accordance with IBC 504.4.1 (WA), for R-2 occupancies of Type V-A construction and equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, the maximum number of stories permitted in IBC § 504.2
may be increased by one provided the interior exit stairways are pressurized in accordance with IBC 909.20
and 909.11. As such, a total of five (5) stories are permitted above the 3-hour horizontal separation.
All code required fire separations will be constructed of noncombustible materials and protected to provide
the required fire -resistance rating as follows:
• Sleeping unit separation: 1-hour fire partitions (IBC 708.1(1))
• Corridors: 1-hour fire partitions (IBC Table 1020.1)
• Exit stairways: 2-hour fire barriers (IBC 1023.2)
• Elevator hoistways: 2-hour fire barriers (IBC 713.4)
Smoke barriers have been designed as required by Code by the architect and are fully reflected in the
building permit plans.
B. Automatic Sprinkler Systems
All areas of The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project, including the parking garage level, will be
protected with hydraulically designed, electrically supervised and off -site monitored automatic sprinkler
systems designed in accordance with NFPA 13-2019, Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
Quick -response or residential automatic sprinklers will be installed in accordance with IBC 420.4.
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In order to provide for annunciation of sprinkler system operation, electrically supervised control valves
and water flow switches will be provided at the riser connection on each floor. Activation of any flow switch
will initiate the appropriate voice/alarm messages and pressurized stairway and elevator sequences while
simultaneously transmitting an alarm signal to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel and to the Fire
Department via the off -site monitoring service. In the event that a sprinkler control valve is shut, a
supervisory signal is transmitted to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel and to the off -site
monitoring service.
All of the alarm and supervisory circuitry itself will be electrically supervised so that any fault in the wiring
results in a trouble signal being transmitted to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel(s) and to the
off -site alarm monitoring service.
The automatic fire sprinkler systems protecting the development will provide a proven level of
performance in the areas of life safety, fire suppression, structural protection, and reduction of smoke
development.
C. Fire Department Standpipe System
All building areas, including the parking garage level, will be provided with Class I standpipe systems
designed in accordance with NFPA 14-2019, Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems.
A 2-1/2-inch standpipe hose connection will be provided in the following areas:
• At each intermediate landing in every exit stairway
• At the highest landing of one stairway, which will provide roof access. The hose connection
will be located adjacent to the stair opening on the roof.
• Where otherwise necessary such that all floor areas are within 200-foot travel distance to a
protected hose connection. Such hose connections will be located in vertical exit enclosures
or protected locations that are accessed through protected enclosures.
• On the roof such that all portions of the roof are within 200 feet of hose travel distance from
a standpipe hose connection. Hose connections will be at least 10 feet from the roof edge,
skylight, light well, or similar openings unless protected by a 42-inch high guardrail or
equivalent. All roof hose connections will be arranged to be operable without entering the
building.
Hose lines and nozzles for use by the building's occupants are not required by code and will not be
provided. Each standpipe hose connection will be equipped with a cap and chain.
The standpipe systems serving the project will be supplied via risers which also serve as the automatic
sprinkler system risers. Shut-off valves and water -flow devices will be provided on each floor at the
sprinkler system connection to each standpipe. The closing of any control valve will transmit a trouble
signal to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel and the off -site monitoring service.
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D. Fire Protection Water Supply
We do not anticipate a fire pump being required (this work is by others). Further, since the building will not
be classified as a high-rise building, a secondary water supply is not required and will not be provided.
E. Portable Fire Extinguishers
As an additional aid for control of incipient fire conditions, portable fire extinguishers of the appropriate
size and type will be located throughout the project in accordance with IBC 906.1 and the requirements of
NFPA 10-2019, Portable Fire Extinguishers.
Portable fire extinguishers will be provided throughout the project (maximum floor area of 3,000 square
feet per unit of A and maximum travel distance to extinguisher of 75 feet).
F. Smoke and Heat Detection
In addition to the automatic detection and annunciation provided by the automatic sprinkler system
waterflow switches, smoke and heat detectors will be provided in the following areas:
• Duct smoke detectors will be installed at each connection to a vertical duct or riser serving two
or more stories from a return air duct or plenum of an air-conditioning system. (IMC 603.2.3)
• Duct smoke detectors will be installed in the return air system where multiple air handling
systems share common supply or return air ducts or plenums with a combined design capacity
greater than 2,000 cfm. (IMC 603.2.2)
• A smoke detector at the fire alarm annunciation and control panel and any auxiliary power
supply(s). (IBC 907.4.1)
• A smoke detector in each elevator machine room and in each elevator lobby in order to provide
for elevator emergency return and firefighter's service. (IBC 3003.2)
• A smoke detector within 5 feet of the entrance to each pressurized exit stairway on every floor.
• Each sleeping unit will be provided with a single -station smoke alarm in every sleeping room
and in the corridor(s) or area(s) leading to the sleeping rooms. Multiple smoke alarms with a
sleeping unit will be interconnected. (IBC 907.2.11.2)
• A fixed temperature heat detector will be located near each sprinkler located in an elevator
hoistway or machine room. The heat detectors are designed to open a shunt trip device to
disconnect main line power supply to the elevator equipment before sprinkler activation. (IBC
3005.5 & NFPA 72 6.16.4)
Activation of sprinkler waterflow devices, heat detectors and smoke detectors, other than duct smoke
detectors and single -station detectors, will initiate an alarm signal. Activation of a duct smoke detector will
initiate a supervisory signal in accordance with IBC 907.3.1.
G. Smoke Alarms
Single station or multiple -station smoke alarms will be required in each residential dwelling unit in the
following locations:
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• On the ceiling or wall outside each sleeping area in the vicinity of bedrooms
• In each room used for sleeping purposes
These smoke alarms are not smoke control initiating devices.
H. Fire Alarm Notification Appliances
The following fire alarm notification appliances will be provided:
• Audible - Speakers will be clearly audible throughout the building (including exterior areas of
the building such as the pool deck and residential balconies) or on the floor of actuation with
the capability of sounding a general alarm throughout the building by manual means from
the fire command center
• Visual - Visible notification appliances (i.e., strobes) will be required throughout the public
areas of the building, designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72. All dwelling units
will be provided with the capability to support visible alarm notification appliances in
accordance with Chapter 10 of ICC A117.1. Such capability will be permitted to include the
potential for future interconnection of the building fire alarm system with the unit smoke
alarms, replacement of audible appliances with combination audible/visible appliances, or
future extension of the existing wiring from the unit smoke alarm locations to required
locations for visible appliances.
I. Through -Penetration Protection
Penetrations into or through fire barriers, smoke barrier walls, fire partitions, floor, floor/ceiling assemblies,
or the ceiling membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly, will be protected with an approved through -
penetration firestop system in accordance with IBC Section 714.
Fire and/or smoke dampers will be provided in duct and air -transfer openings as described in the following
table. Fire dampers will have a 1%-hour rating and UL 555 Listed. Smoke dampers will have a Class II
leakage rating and an elevated temperature rating of not less than 250°F and UL555S. Where both a fire
and a smoke damper are required, the use of a combination fire/smoke damper is permitted.
Combination fire and smoke dampers will be provided with an approved means of access, not affecting the
integrity of the fire resistance -rated assemblies. Access shall be large enough to permit inspection and
maintenance of the damper. Access doors shall have a permanent label with letters not less the % inch in
height identifying FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER, SMOKE DAMPER, or FIRE DAMPER. Each damper shall have a
separate permanent label with a distinct ID that corresponds with mechanical damper schedule and floor
plans.
In accordance with Washington State Building Code, Section 717.3.3.2 1, smoke dampers and combination
fire/smoke dampers shall actuate upon initiation of a listed smoke detector or detectors in one of the
following applicable methods:
Smoke damper installed within a duct: Where a smoke damper is installed within a duct, a
smoke detector shall be installed inside the duct or outside the duct with sampling tubes
protruding into the duct. The detector or tubes within the duct shall be within 5 feet (1524
mm) of the damper. Air outlets and inlets shall not be located between the detector or tubes
and the damper. The detector shall be listed for the air velocity, temperature, and humidity
anticipated at the point where it is installed. Other than in mechanical smoke control systems,
dampers shall be closed upon fan shutdown where local smoke detectors require a minimum
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velocity to operate
• Smoke damper installed above a smoke barrier door: Where a smoke damper is installed
above smoke barrier doors in a smoke barrier, a spot -type detector shall be installed on either
side of the smoke barrier door opening. The detector shall be listed for releasing service if
used for direct interface with the damper
• Smoke damper installed in air transfer opening: Where a smoke damper is installed within
an air transfer opening in a wall, a spot -type detector shall be installed within 5 feet (1524
mm) horizontally of the damper. The detector shall be listed for releasing service if used for
direct interface with the damper
• Smoke damper installed in corridor wall or ceiling: Where a smoke damper is installed in a
corridor wall or ceiling, the damper shall be permitted to be controlled by a smoke detection
system installed in the corridor
• Complete smoke detector coverage: Where a smoke detection system is installed in all areas
served by the duct in which the damper will be located, the smoke dampers shall be
permitted to be controlled by the smoke detection system
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SmokeFire Damper
RequiredDamperYIN)Required
Fire Barriers
Yes No 717.5.2
Exceptions:
1. Fire damper not required when penetration is part of a listed assembly tested in
accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL 263.
2. Fire damper not required when duct is part of a smoke control system and use of damper
would interfere with operation of smoke control system.
3. Fire damper not required when duct is part of HVAC system, penetration is in
1-hour maximum fire barrier, building is sprinklered, duct is 26 gauges minimum, and is
continuous from the air -handling appliance to air outlet and inlet terminals.
Shaft Enclosures'
Yes
Yes
717.5.3
Exceptions:
1. Fire damper not required where steel exhausts extend at least 22 inches vertically in
exhaust shafts and airflow is continuous'.
2. Fire damper not required where penetration is tested as part of listed assembly.
3. Fire damper and smoke damper not required where duct is part of smoke control system
and damper would interfere with smoke control system operation.
4. Fire damper and smoke damper not required where penetration is in a parking garage shaft
separated from other building shafts by 2-hour construction.
5. Smoke damper is not required in Group B occupancies protected by an NFPA 13 sprinkler
system where the kitchen, clothes dryer, bathroom, and toilet room exhaust extend at least
22 inches vertically, are at least 0.019 wall thickness, and fans are installed on the upper
terminus. Fans must be provided with emergency power systems in accordance with IBC
maintain continuous upward airflow to the outside.
Fire Partitions
Yes
No
717.5.4
Exceptions:
1. Fire damper not required in corridor walls in buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.31.1 or 903.3.1.2 and the duct
is protected as a through penetration in accordance with Section 714.
2. Fire damper not required where the duct is 100 square inches maximum, constructed of
0.0217-inch minimum thickness steel, does not have openings that connect the corridor
with adjacent spaces, is installed above ceiling, does not terminate at fire -rated walls, and a
12-inch steel sleeve is provided in each duct opening that is secured on each side of the
wall with ancillary space filled with mineral wool.
- Note 1— Duct and air transfer openings are not permitted to penetrate the exit
enclosures unless allowed by IBC Section 1022.4
J. Manual Fire Alarm Boxes
Manual fire alarm boxes are not required in buildings that are equipped throughout with automatic
sprinkler systems and where the occupant notification appliances will automatically activate upon sprinkler
waterflow. As such, manual fire alarm boxes are not proposed to be provided.
However, the applicable codes do require manual fire alarm boxes at select locations and one will be
provided above the fire alarm annunciation and control panel in accordance with NFPA 72- 2019, 6.8.5.1.2.
The manual fire alarm pull box is will be provided at the fire alarm panel where the fire alarm system
utilizes automatic fire detectors or waterflow detection devices. This manual fire alarm box will be placed
on a separate circuit which is not placed "on test" when the detection or sprinkler system is placed "on
test." This manual fire alarm box will also be monitored by the supervising station.
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K. Emergency Responder Radio Coverage
An approved emergency responder radio coverage system will be provided to enhance the operation of the
emergency services worker's radios in accordance with IFC 510.
Typically, this type of system is designed to operate on a specific frequency programmed into all fire
department radios. The radio system will be in service at all times.
L. Exit Stairway Pressurization
In addition to the effective means of smoke control provided by automatic sprinklers throughout The
Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project, mechanical smoke -control consisting of stairway pressurization
will be provided as required by IBC 504.4.1(WA).
Refer to Section IV and V for a description of the proposed stairway pressurization systems.
M. Elevator Pressurization
Elevator pressurization will be provided in accordance with IBC Section 909.21
Refer to Section IV and V for a description of the proposed elevator pressurization systems.
N. Smoke Control Wiring
All smoke control wiring for power and control — regardless of voltage — shall be in raceways and 2-hour
protected. Edmonds follows the Bellevue Smoke Control Guidelines with the only exception being that
Edmonds does not recognize MC as a raceway as Bellevue does (Bellevue accepts this code reduction while
Edmonds does not).
O. Elevator Controls and Sizing
Every group of elevators will have a smoke or heat detector located in each lobby on each floor level. Upon
activation of a lobby or machine room smoke or heat detector, the elevator(s) served by that lobby or
machine room will be recalled to the recall floor. In the event that the alarm is on the recall floor the
elevators will be recalled to the alternate recall floor. Only the elevator(s) served by the affected lobby will
be recalled.
After returning to the designated level, the elevators will be rendered inoperable without the use of the
fireman's key or until such time they are manually reset into the normal operating mode.
Key operated recall switches will be provided near each elevator on each floor which permit the fire
department to commandeer an elevator if necessary. Elevators and controls will be installed in accordance
with the requirements of ASME A17.1-2019, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.
In accordance with IBC 1009.2.1 and 1009.4, elevators will be provided with standby power. Standby power
will be capable of manual transfer to all elevators in each bank. All elevators will automatically transfer to
standby power in sequence, return to the designated level and disconnect from the standby power source.
After all elevators have been returned to the designated level, at least one elevator in each bank will
remain operable from the standby power source in accordance with IBC 3003.1.3.
In accordance with IBC 3002.4, one elevator providing access to all floors will be of such size and
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arrangement to accommodate an ambulance stretcher 24"x84" with not less than 5-inch radius corners, in
the horizontal, open position and will be identified by the international symbol for EMS (star of life).
P. Emergency and Standby Power
A source of emergency and standby power will be provided for the following systems:
Emergency Power
• The fire alarm annunciation and control panel as well as all associated detection, supervision
and notification devices. (IBC 907.6.2)
• All designated emergency lighting and exit signage. (IBC 1008.3 and 1013.6.3)
Emergency power will be provided by means of storage batteries in accordance with NEC 700.12(A).
Standby Power
• All exit stairway and elevator pressurization fans. (IBC 909.11)
• Emergency responder radio system — 24 hours operation (IFC 510.4.2.3 Edmonds)
• Elevators used as accessible means of egress. (IBC 1009.4 and 3003.1)
Standby power will be provided in accordance with NEC Section 701.12. Option B (Generator) as approved
by Edmonds and as listed per Washington State Building Code Section 504.4.1. The generator and transfer
switch shall also be designed and installed in accordance with IBC Section 2702 and Bellevue Smoke Control
Guidelines Section 6.7. Legally required standby power is provided for the smoke control system (as
required by Washington State Building Code Section 504.4.1). Per IBC Section 2702.1.3 - Standby power
systems shall automatically provide secondary power within 60 seconds after primary power is lost, unless
specified otherwise in this code."
Per Bellevue Smoke Control Guidelines Section 6.7 - Generator and transfer switch. The emergency
generator set shall be in a separate room from the remainder of the building, the transfer switches, and
from the normal power source. The rooms must feature 2-hour fire rated construction in high-rise and
underground buildings, 1-hour fire rated in all other buildings. (Ref. IBC 2702.1.8, IBC 909.11, NFPA 110-
7.2.1.1).
Q. Supervision
To provide additional system reliability and rapid notification of the fire department, all fire protection
devices are electronically supervised.
The supervisory system is being designed to indicate three different signals:
• Alarm
• Supervisory
• Trouble
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An alarm signal is an indication that a fire or other emergency condition has been detected in the building.
A supervisory signal is an indication that a required fire protection system is not in full working order such
as a closed valve in the automatic sprinkler supply piping. A trouble signal is an indication that a portion of
the fire protection system is not functioning properly such as problems associated with electrical wiring or
devices.
All signals are transmitted to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel and are supervised by the off -
site alarm monitoring service. Signals from any automatic sprinkler waterflow device, smoke detector, or
heat detector are considered an alarm condition by the off -site alarm monitoring service, and the fire
department is immediately notified.
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III. Smoke Control Narrative
For The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project, stair and elevator pressurization will be provided in
accordance with IBC Section 909.20.5 and 909.21.
CONTAM modeling will be utilized for sizing the stair and elevator pressurization fans.
The general approach for smoke control for this project utilizes stair and elevator pressurization smoke
control systems to help mitigate the possibility of vertical spread of smoke in the building.
Each of the enclosed interior exit stairways along with the elevator shaft will be pressurized as the rational
analysis for smoke control. This analysis is based on the other life safety systems being maintained,
available and operational. The smoke control system assumes at minimum that the automatic sprinklers
and fire detection/alarm system will function as designed and that the fire resistive construction will be
maintained in the building.
The intent of the stair and elevator pressurization requirements of the code is to utilize shaft pressurization
systems that prevent smoke from entering the shaft. This is accomplished through the pressurization
method of smoke -control which creates pressure differentials across the walls of vertical shafts on the fire
floor, since infiltration through these shafts is the principle mechanism which allows smoke to move into
upper floors. This will be accomplished in this project by mechanical pressurization of the exit stairways and
elevator shaft.
The general approach to automatic operation will include activation of the shaft pressurization fans along
with the automatic closure of any protected openings which are required to close in the building.
All stairwell and elevator pressurization fans are required to be equipped with a source of legally required
standby power in accordance with NEC § 701.12, Option B. All stairwell and elevator pressurization fans
are to be provided with variable frequency drives (VFD). All fans are required to be provided with at least
1.5 times the number of design belts with a minimum of 2. Supply inlets are required to be located to avoid
the reintroduction of smoke. All pressurization fan components of the smoke control systems shall be rated
for the anticipated exposure temperatures. All smoke control system power and control wiring are
required to be in a 2-hour fire resistance rating (FRR) system in accordance with the IBC. The smoke control
systems must be controlled by an Underwriters Laboratories (UL) UUKL listed firefighter's smoke control
panel (FSCP) and (UL) UUKL listed fire alarm control panel (FACP).
The stair and elevator pressurization system will be initiated upon activation of any of the following:
general building alarm initiating device; manual pull station located at the FACP; any smoke/heat detection;
and sprinkler waterflow within in the building. In addition, any HVAC systems supplying 2,000 CFM of air or
more (or cumulative HVAC units serving the same common space supplying 2,000 CFM of air or more) will
also shutdown. Finally, any activation of a smoke detector installed in the vicinity of any pressurization fan
injection point shall result in the automatic shutdown of the corresponding pressurization fan.
The following items are required for the smoke control system. For further information, refer to the
"Smoke Control System Narrative" portion of this report.
1. A Rational Analysis, which provides the basis of design for the smoke control system is required, in
accordance with 2018 IBC § 909.4. The Rational Analysis must address stack effect, temperature
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effects of the fire, wind effects, HVAC system effects, climate, duration of operation, and the effect
of open doors on the stair and elevator pressurization systems.
2. Legally Required Standby Power — The mechanical smoke control systems will be provided with
legally required standby power in accordance with NEC § 701.12, Option B.
3. Protection of Smoke Control System Wiring — All wiring associated with smoke control systems,
including all fire alarm component wiring utilized for activation and/or control, will be fully
enclosed within continuous raceways in accordance with 2018 IBC § 909.12.1. In addition, all smoke
control wiring (control and power — regardless of voltage) will be 2-hour protected.
4. Firefighter's Smoke Control Panel — A smoke control panel indicating the status and fault condition
as well as manual control by emergency responders of the smoke control system will be provided.
5. Acceptance Testing — Before the mechanical equipment is approved, the system must be tested in
the presence of the Building and Fire Code Official. A special inspection by a third party will be
required prior to testing with the Building and Fire Code Official. The special inspector will develop
a final Special Inspection Test Plan and will be an integral part of the acceptance of the smoke
control systems. The smoke control system to be tested and a certificate of compliance be
provided by the special inspector and responsible registered design professional certifying that the
referenced property is in substantial compliance. The certificate must identify the company,
designer, special inspector that performed the testing, name, date, and address of the property
being tested. The following statement must be included, "I have reviewed the report and by
personal knowledge and on -site observation certify that the smoke control system is in substantial
compliance with the approved design documents, and to the best of my understanding complies
with requirements of applicable codes as identified in the smoke control report."
6. The location of the main fire alarm control panel (FACP) and the firefighter's smoke control panel
(FSCP) are located in a 2-hour rated room as approved by Edmonds.
7. The legally required standby power panel and ATS switch for the smoke control system is required
to be 2-hour protected.
8. In general, smoke control power and control wiring will run horizontally in the concrete slabs
(minimum 2" coverage) to gain the 2-hour rating protection.
9. Power and control wiring for each stair pressurization will run vertically in the stairwell enclosure
(near the standpipe). Wiring for SPF-1 is only in the shaft for SPF-1; conversely, wiring for SPF-2 is
only for SPF-2. As the stairwell enclosure is 2-hour rated construction, this will provide 2-hour
rated protection for the vertical power and control wiring for the stair pressurization fans. As these
electrical risers penetrate the roof, there will be only (at most) a 20-foot run -out on the roof (this
will not be 2-hour protected on the roof). For the elevator pressurization fan, a 2-hour rated
vertical shaft located near the elevator shaft will be coordinated with the architect for 2-hour
protection of the power and control wiring to the elevator pressurization fan
Active smoke control will be provided for the project by utilizing mechanical means to control smoke by
creating pressure differentials across smoke zones.
Each exit stair and elevator shaft will be considered a separate smoke control zone. Each stairway enclosure
and elevator shaft will be separated from the remainder of the building by 2-hour fire barriers and will be
mechanically pressurized to maintain the required pressure differentials.
All other areas will be protected by Passive Methods such as smoke barrier construction. Passive Methods
of smoke control will also be utilized for the spaces other than the pressurized exit stair and elevator shafts,
as discussed in the sections that follow:
• Parking Garage Levels — Each level of the parking garage is atmospherically connected. As
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such the entire garage of each building will be treated as one passive smoke control zone.
The garage will be separated from adjacent smoke zones by fire resistance -rated smoke
barriers.
Elevator Shafts— Elevator hoistways are provided. The hoistway will be of rated construction
and considered as a passive zone.
Residential Floors — Residential units and corridors are not required to be provided with a
smoke control system and will be considered passive zones. Each residential unit will be
separated from adjacent units by fire -resistance rated smoke barriers. These zones will be
separated from adjacent smoke control zones by fire resistance -rated smoke barriers.
Detection of smoke within a passive area or activation of sprinkler waterflow on the floor will
activate the stair and elevator pressurization systems.
Smoke management via passive smoke barriers will be achieved by providing effective compartmentation.
According to Principles of Smoke Management by Klote and Milke —
"Barriers with sufficient fire endurance to remain effective throughout afire exposure have a long history of
providing protection against fire spread. In such fire compartmentation, the walls, partitions, floors, doors,
and other barriers provide some level of smoke protection to spaces remote from the fire."
Smoke Barriers will be tested in accordance with IBC § 909.5.2
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b
IN. Smoke Control System Narrative
A. Parking Garage
Normal ventilation for the parking garage level will be provided in accordance with IBC 406.6.2 and IMC 404
by means of mechanical supply and exhaust activated by carbon monoxide detection. Manual override
action of the garage ventilation is not required to be controlled via the firefighter smoke control panel.
B. Exit Stairway Pressurization Systems
To maintain tenable means of egress in the event of a fire, all exit stairways will be automatically
pressurized in accordance with IBC 909.20.5.
The stairways will be pressurized upon transmission of an alarm signal from a sprinkler waterflow switch or
alarm -initiating smoke detector. Activation of a residential unit smoke detector will initiate a local alarm
only and will not result in stairwell pressurization system activation.
The stairways will be pressurized to a minimum of 0.10 inch of water and a maximum of 0.35 inch of water
in the shaft relative to all floors, measured with all stairway doors closed under maximum anticipated stack
pressures (and also door forces are not greater than 30# of door opening force).
Manual controls for the stair pressurization systems will also be provided on the Firefighter's Smoke
Control Panel located adjacent to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel.
The stair pressurization fans will be provided with a primary and a secondary power supply. In the event of
primary power failure, the stair pressurization fans will continue to be operational through the activation of
the legally required standby power system.
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are to be provided on the stairwell pressurization fans to facilitate final
balancing. VFD's will be mounted by the stair pressurization fans in weather proof rated enclosures. The
VFD make and model are being finalized by the mechanical engineer. Should the VFDs selected rely on
volatile memory, the VFDs will be provided with an uninterruptible power source (UPS). The UPS will allow
for potential power surges and / or the transfer to secondary power to be absorbed by the system without
corrupting the memory settings for the VFD. The VFD basis of design is an ABB ACH 580.
The power and control wiring for pressurized stairways will be have 2-hour rated protection.
C. Elevator Pressurization
The elevator shaft will be automatically pressurized in accordance with IBC 909.20.5.
The elevator shaft will be pressurized upon transmission of an alarm signal from a sprinkler waterflow
switch or alarm -initiating smoke detector. Activation of a residential unit smoke detector will initiate a local
alarm only and will not result in stairwell pressurization system activation. The elevator cars are only
recalled on an elevator lobby smoke detector alarm.
The elevator shaft will be pressurized to a minimum of 0.10 inch of water and a maximum of 0.25 inch of
water in the shaft relative to the floor — except at the recall floor. Please see IBC Section 909.21.1 for all
pertinent items.
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Manual controls for the elevator pressurization system will also be provided on the Firefighter's Smoke
Control Panel located adjacent to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel.
The elevator pressurization fan will be provided with a primary and a secondary power supply. In the event
of primary power failure, the elevator pressurization fan will continue to be operational through the
activation of the legally required standby power system.
Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are to be provided on the elevator pressurization fan to facilitate final
balancing. VFD's will be mounted by the elevator pressurization fan in a weather proof rated enclosure.
Should the VFDs selected rely on volatile memory, the VFDs will be provided with an uninterruptible power
source (UPS). The UPS will allow for potential power surges and / or the transfer to secondary power to be
absorbed by the system without corrupting the memory settings for the VFD. The VFD basis of design is an
ABB ACH 580.
The elevator pressurization fan would have (3) speeds. This for being able to properly balance the smoke
control system (stair and elevator pressurization fan) for all scenarios — being primary recall, alternate recall
and no -recall operations of the elevator pressurization fan. This would be accomplished by the following:
• Speed 1 = Primary recall = Fire Alarm Output #1 — to VFD Input #1 = Distinct setting for VFD
Fan speed for primary recall (VFD programming) — Allow balancing to balance the smoke
control system to this scenario
• Speed 2 = Alternate recall = Fire Alarm Output #2 — to VFD Input #2 = Distinct setting for VFD
Fan speed for alternate recall (VFD programming) — Allow balancing to balance the smoke
control system to this scenario
Speed 3 = No recall = Fire Alarm Output #3 — to VFD Input #3 = Distinct setting for VFD Fan
speed for No recall (VFD programming) — Allow balancing to balance the smoke control
system to this scenario
The power and control wiring for pressurized elevator shaft will be have 2-hour rated protection.
D. Standby Power
In accordance with IBC 909.11, all stairway and elevator pressurization systems will be provided with
standby power.
Standby power will be provided by means of a generator in accordance with NEC § 701.12, Option B.
E. Marking and Identification of Equipment
In accordance IBC 909.14 and NFPA 70 700.9, all portions of the stairway and elevator pressurization
systems will be identified in the field. This includes all applicable junction boxes, control tubing,
temperature control modules, relays, damper sensors, automatic door sensors and air movement sensors.
All junction boxes and covers for the stairway and elevator pressurization systems (including all portions of
the fire detection system which activate stairway and elevator pressurization) will be externally identifiable.
The color of the markings will be orange with two grey bars. Please reference the Bellevue Smoke Control
Guidelines Section 11.6 for additional details.
F. Firefighter's Smoke Control Panel
In accordance with IBC 909.16 and Section 9 of the Bellevue Smoke Control Guidelines, a Firefighter's
Smoke Control Panel will be provided adjacent to the fire alarm annunciation and control panel for manual
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control or override of automatic control for the stairway and elevator pressurization systems. The panel will
be in accordance with IBC 909.16.
All controls and indicators will be combined to control and indicate all elements of a single pressurization
system as a unit, rather than controls for individual pieces of equipment and individual dampers. Each piece
of equipment will be provided with status indicators on the Firefighter's Smoke Control Panel. This
arrangement is permitted, with approval, by the Exceptions to IBC 909.16.2. Each control switch will
activate and/or deactivate all applicable fans and will open and/or close all related dampers/doors serving
the respective pressurization system.
Pressurized stairways and elevator shaft will each have a single 3-position switch having settings of ON /
AUTO / OFF.
All dampers (at the stair and elevator pressurization fans) will be provided with OPEN / CLOSED / FAULT
status indicator lights. All fans will be provided with ON / OFF / FAULT status indicator lights.
All portions of the normal air handling systems and any other building systems that can adversely impact
the smoke control operations will also be included in the automatic/manual overrides. When the control
switches are in the CLOSED or OFF position (and also when the FSCP is switched to ON or OPEN), all
dampers in the respective alarm zone typically fail closed.
All manual controls will be arranged to override automatic sequences in accordance with IBC 909.16.3.
The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project pressurization systems are designed to involve an interface
between the fire alarm annunciation and control panel and the Firefighter's Smoke Control Panel. All
components utilized in this application have a UUKL listing under UL 864. IBC 909.12 intends that the panels
used for activation and control of smoke control systems be listed under this classification.
Full compliance with all applicable sections of the Bellevue Smoke Control Guidelines is required.
G. Equipment and Ducts
Mechanical equipment and ducts will be located outside the building or located within the shaft served by
the equipment as required by IBC 909.20.6.1. Supply air for the variable frequency drive (VFD)
pressurization fans will be taken directly from the outside. The intake opening for each fan will be a
minimum distance of 20 feet from any air exhaust system or outlet so as to minimize the potential for
introducing smoke or flame into the building, in accordance with IBC 909.10.3.
Any duct system that is part of the pressurization system will be protected with the same fire- resistance
rating as required for the shaft enclosure in accordance with IBC § 909.20.6.1. Ducts will be in accordance
with § 909.10.2.
Ducts serving pressurized shafts will not be tested in accordance with the performance criteria outlined in
IBC § 909.10.2 as these ducts do not cross other smoke zones, or are essentially exterior to the building and
part of the subject shaft. Any leakage from the duct into the shaft would continue to serve the subject
shaft. Leakage from the pressurized shafts to the building is anticipated in accordance with IBC § 909.5.
Measurement of prescribed pressure differentials between each shaft and all floors served will ensure the
prescribed pressurization differentials are achieved.
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Smoke control fan status ON/OFF/FAULT and supervision of power downstream of disconnects (i.e.
presence of power downstream of all disconnects) will be provided. This will be accomplished by the
provision of a contactor rated at fan voltage to provide N.O. dry contacts for power supervision. Fan
differential pressure switches may also be used.
Smoke control damper monitoring of fully-open/fault/fully -closed will be provided to report "damper
open" and "damper closed" condition. This will be accomplished through the use of limit end -switches. All
fire -smoke dampers, requiring status monitoring, will have an end -switch at both the full open and full
closed positions.
H. Fire Alarm System
The smoke control system will be controlled by the fire alarm system that is installed in full accordance of
IBC 907 and 909. The panel will be programmed to perform the weekly self -test of dedicated smoke control
system elements. Any malfunction, or if the manual switches are set to off -normal position, will cause
visible and audible signals at the smoke control panel which will send a trouble signal to the Central Station.
Results of self -tests will be printed and maintained in the sprinkler riser room and will be accessible to
inspection agencies. The smoke control panel will have the highest priority amongst the building system
controls, whether or not smoke control has been initiated.
All control systems must be supervised in accordance with § 907. The control system must comply with UL
864 (UUKL) and be listed as smoke control equipment. Positive confirmation of actuation, testing, manual
override, and the presence of power downstream of a disconnect switches must be provided for all devices
and equipment considered part of an active smoke control system. Additionally, a preprogrammed weekly
test sequence must report abnormal conditions audibly, visually, and by printed report. Fans that are part
of an active smoke control system must have pressure sensors, current switches, or other means of
monitoring fan operation acceptable to the City of Edmonds. Dampers, if provided, must be monitored
using end switches that are wired individually or in series indicating open and closed status of actual
damper position.
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V. Sequence of Operations
A basic smoke control system sequence of operations is included in the Table below. The smoke control
system sequence of operations involves closing fire -smoke dampers in smoke zone boundaries throughout
the respective building, opening the motorized dampers and activate the stairwell and elevator
pressurization fans based on a fire alarm condition in the respective building. Stair and elevator
pressurization will also be initiated for a fire alarm condition anywhere in the respective building.
Activation of a smoke detector installed in the vicinity of any pressurization fan air injection point will result
in the automatic shutdown of said pressurization fan.
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Table: Smoke Control Sequence of Operations
Elevator recall only occurs when the associated elevator lobby detector is activated for that specific
elevator. Full central station monitoring is required for all points.
The above table is a summary / general sequence of operations.
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V1. System Commissioning and Periodic Testing
All components of the smoke control system are required to be inspected and tested as part of the
commissioning process. Prior to testing, a detailed test procedure is required to be submitted to Edmonds
for review containing detailed checklists for all equipment.
Commissioning of the building smoke control system shall be performed in accordance with IBC §909 after
the system is installed and before the building is occupied. The commissioning must include the following:
• All smoke control system components must be inspected to verify that the
equipment is properly installed and that it is as specified in the design
documents. Components that are specifically inspected include:
o Fans and motors
o Smoke Zone Boundary Doors
o Fire/smoke dampers
o Differential pressure transducers
o Fire alarm control panel
o Firefighter's control panel (FSCP)
• The following additional inspections/tests are also required:
o Ducts shall be inspected and pressure tested in accordance with
SMACNA or equivalent methods.
o Passive smoke barriers shall be inspected to verify theirintegrity.
o Outside air inlets and outlets shall be inspected to verify that smoke
is not reintroduced into the building.
o Emergency power systems shall be inspected to verify that
they are adequately separated from normal power systems.
o All equipment items are inspected to verify that they are labeled
consistent with the drawings and the firefighter's control panel.
• Individual equipment components shall be individually tested to verify that
they function properly. Proper function includes verifying airflow, current and
voltage draw for fans and operation (open/close) for dampers and doors in
smoke zone boundaries.
• The performance of the entire smoke control system shall be tested. This
testing must verify that the proper pressure differentials and door -opening
forces are achieved. It also verifies that all appropriate fire alarm devices
initiate smoke control and that the sequence of operations is in accordance
with the design. The performance testing must be conducted with the
pressurization systems activated in order to reflect maximum door
overpressure conditions expected during actual operation. The sequence of
testing must initiate the pressurization systems in order to achieve the
required pressure differential across the stair and elevator doors and at each
opening between smoke zones.
• In order to account for the differences in construction, the initial testing of
the pressurization fans should begin at the low set point on the variable
speed drive. During the course of the testing, the fan capacity should be
increased to achieve the specific air flows needed to obtain the required
pressure differentials.
The smoke control system to be tested and a certificate of compliance be provided by the special inspector
and responsible registered design professional certifying that the referenced property is in substantial
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compliance. The certificate must identify the company, designer, special inspector that performed the
testing, name, date, and address of the property being tested. The following statement must be included, "I
have reviewed the report and by personal knowledge and on -site observation certify that the smoke
control system is in substantial compliance with the approved design documents, and to the best of my
understanding complies with requirements of applicable codes as identified in the smoke control report."
Upon completion of the commissioning, a complete sealed test report should be developed in accordance
with IBC §909.18.8.3.
Periodic testing is required to be performed semi-annually by persons thoroughly knowledgeable in the
operation, testing, and maintenance of the smoke -control system in accordance with the 2018
International Fire Code (IFC) §909.20. The results of the tests shall be documented and the tests shall be
conducted under standby and normal power. Operation of the correct outputs for each given input shall be
verified by the periodic testing.
Additionally, it is required by IBC §909.12 that the smoke control systems be controlled by an Underwriters
Laboratories UUKL listed smoke control system. A UUKL listed system is required to perform a weekly self -
test of the dedicated smoke control equipment including all smoke zone boundary doors, dampers, and any
dedicated smoke control fans. Upon completion of the self -test, any door, fan, or damper that does not
operate as required will constitute a test failure. Indication of a test failure must result in a latching trouble
condition on the fire alarm control panel, and the trouble condition must be reported to the central station.
The UUKL listed system shall be programmed to print a hard -copy report summarizing the results of the
weekly self -test that clearly indicates whether the system passed or failed the test.
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V11. Summary
The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project will provide a level of life safety and fire protection which
meets or exceeds those levels of protection intended by the codes adopted and amended by the City of
Edmonds, Washington.
The following is a summarized list of the fire protection and life safety features proposed for the project.
• Type I -A construction.
• Type V-A construction.
• 3-hour horizontal separation between Type I -A and V-A construction.
• Complete automatic sprinkler protection throughout all areas.
• Fire department standpipe systems.
• Pressurized exit stairways and pressurized elevator shaft.
• Smoke detection in select locations.
• Occupant notification in accordance with IBC 907.2.9.1.
• Fire department radio repeater and antenna system.
• Automatic recall and emergency operation of elevators.
• Standby and emergency power systems.
• Electrical supervision and off -site alarm monitoring of sprinkler and fire alarm systems.
• Portable fire extinguishers.
This report is intended to present the smoke control approach for this project, as prescribed by the IBC.
Specific design information regarding safety systems and associated features prescribed by the IBC will be
prepared by others, including:
• Automatic fire sprinkler systems
• Standpipe systems
• Fire detection and alarm system
• Fire-fighter's smoke control panel
• In Building Radio Coverage
• Portable fire extinguishers
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CONCLUSION
This report depicts the smoke control system for The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project. The design
approach and calculations presented in this report follow the requirements of Section 909. Details of
compliance are the responsibility of the Designers of Record and are shown on the Mechanical, Electrical,
Fire Alarm, Sprinkler Riser Schematic and Architectural Drawings.
Prepared by:
UNITED BUILDING AND ENGINEERING SERVICES, LLC
Timothy Mitchell, PE
Senior Consultant
April 1, 2023
Please address questions and correspondence to:
Bob Long I Principal
United Building and Engineering Services, LLC.
1400 112th Ave SE I Bellevue, WA 98004
Direct:425.591.4633 1 Mobile: 425.591.4633
Email: bob. long (a)unitedbes.com
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Reviewed by:
UNITED BUILDING AND ENGINEERING SERVICES, LLC
Robert Long
Principal
April 1, 2023
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APPENDIX
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
This section of the report is not intended to identify all requirements listed in Section 909, but is intended
instead to highlight those areas of the design process where some care is required to ensure that the
system design is adequately coordinated and in accordance with the requirements presented in Sections
909.10 through 909.17. All other requirements in § 909 will nevertheless apply. It is the responsibility of the
Designer of Record pf that system to comply with these requirements.
EQUIPMENT (909.10)
Ducts, fans, and other equipment associated with the smoke control system must be separated from the
remainder of the building or must be located outside. All equipment, including fans, ducts, and any balance
dampers, must be suitable for their intended use and must be listed for the probable temperatures to
which these components may be exposed. This temperature is permitted to be based on the sprinkler
activation temperature. Proper listings for this equipment must be obtained and submitted during the
Construction Phase prior to installation.
Equipment shall be located so as to not expose uninvolved portions of the building to an additional fire
hazard. Per 909.10.3, outside air inlets will be located a minimum distance of 20 feet from any air exhaust
system or outlet, so as to minimize the potential for introducing smoke or flame into the building. Exhaust
outlets shall be so located as to minimize reintroduction of smoke into the building and to limit exposure of
the building or adjacent buildings to an additional fire hazard.
Ducts - All ducts (including ducted shafts) must be capable of withstanding the maximum probable
temperatures and pressures to which they will be exposed. Furthermore, the code requires ducts to be leak
tested to 1.5 times the maximum design pressure in accordance with nationally -accepted practices. The
maximum leakage during the pressure testing may not exceed five percent of the design flow rate. For this
project, leakage testing will be performed on metal ductwork only, since other shafts will not be used as
ducts.
Fans - Supply fans serving the stairwell and elevator shafts will not have to be temperature rated, as they
will never be exposed to elevated temperatures. In addition to these and other requirements in § 909.10,
belt -driven fans must have 1.5 times the number of belts required for the listed design duty, with the
minimum number of belts being two. Motors driving these fans must have a minimum service factor of
1.15. Calculations and manufacturer's fan curves must be obtained and submitted prior to installation. The
fans will also be required to be supported and restrained by noncombustible supports attached to the
structure.
Supply air systems exceeding 2,000 CFM, will be provided with duct smoke detectors that will shut down
the supply system, as required by code, except for supply systems that are part of the smoke control
system. Duct smoke detectors shall be installed in all stairwell and elevator pressurization supply air
systems, regardless of fan capacity. All duct smoke detectors are required to be supervised by the fire alarm
control system.
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Fire Dampers - Fire dampers will be provided as required by code. Fire dampers provided in openings in
supply shafts will have a temperature rating of 160°F. Fire dampers provided in openings in exhaust shafts
will have a temperature rating of 3507.
Smoke Dampers - Smoke dampers, where installed in the supply or exhaust air systems, will operate per
the smoke control sequence. Smoke Dampers in smoke barriers shall be protected with a minimum Class II,
250' F smoke damper having a UL 555S listing. Smoke damper monitoring and control requirements are
summarized below:
Dampers separating two passive zones:
No end switches required
No monitoring required by FSCP
Dampers separating an active zone from a passive or active zone
(discharge dampers at stair and elevator pressurization fans):
• End switches required to verify "closed" position during UUKL
weekly self- test.
• Dampers will be monitored by the firefighter's smoke control
panel (FSCP). Fault conditions will be indicated on smoke
control panel for the applicable smoke zone if the damper does
not close properly.
• Control of individual dampers will not be provided. General
control of all dampers will be provided in order to enable
general shut down of air movement within the building.
• Status monitored and indicated at the FSCP.
• Manual control provided at the FSCP.
Equipment Inlet and Outlets - Supply air shall be taken directly from an outside, uncontaminated source
located a minimum distance of 20 feet from any air exhaust system or outlet so as to minimize the
potential for introducing smoke or flame into the building.
POWER SYSTEMS (909.11)
Primary and secondary power will be required for this system as summarized in the Life Safety Features
section of this report. Transfer to full emergency power must be automatic and must occur within 10
seconds of failure of primary power. The smoke control distribution power panel will be in a one -hour rated
closet.
Additionally, fire alarm, fire detection, and sprinkler supervisory systems cannot lose signal or must be
capable of system restoration within ten seconds.
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Elements of the smoke control system, which rely on volatile memory, must be supplied by an
uninterruptible power source of sufficient duration to span a 15-minute interruption of primary power.
DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (909.12)
The system will include a FSCP, per § 909.16, for manual observation and control of fans and dampers,
which are a part of the smoke control system. Other building fans, not specifically mentioned as part of the
smoke control system, will not be manually controllable from the smoke control panel. The smoke control
system will be controlled by the fire alarm system. The panel will be programmed to perform the weekly
self -test of dedicated smoke control system elements. Any malfunction, or if the manual switches are set to
off -normal position, will cause visible and audible signals at the smoke control panel which will send a
trouble signal to the Central Station. Results of self -tests will be printed and maintained in the sprinkler
riser room and will be accessible to inspection agencies. The smoke control panel will have the highest
priority amongst the building system controls, whether or not smoke control has been initiated.
All control systems must be supervised in accordance with § 907. The control system must comply with UL
864 UUKL and be listed as smoke control equipment. Positive confirmation of actuation, testing, manual
override, and the presence of power downstream of a disconnect switches must be provided for all devices
and equipment considered part of an active smoke control system. Additionally, a preprogrammed weekly
test sequence must report abnormal conditions audibly, visually, and by printed report. Fans that are part
of an active smoke control system must have pressure sensors, current switches, or other means of
monitoring fan operation acceptable to the City of Edmonds. Dampers, if provided, must be monitored
using end switches that are wired individually or in series indicating open and closed status of actual
damper position.
Supervision of all active smoke control system components must be indicated at a UUKL Listed FSCP panel.
All wiring, regardless of its voltage, must be fully enclosed within continuous conduits or raceways. This
requirement applies to both electrical sub -systems and the fire alarm systems.
All wiring serving the smoke control systems must be protected by 2-hour construction.
MARKING AND IDENTIFICATION (909.14)
During the construction phase, the detection and control systems are required to be clearly marked at all
junctions, accesses, and terminations. This marking should be approved for its use by the Fire or Building
Departments and in accordance with generally accepted practice. In addition, the Bellevue Smoke Control
Guidelines Section 11.6 has additional requirements.
FIREFIGHTER'S SMOKE CONTROL PANEL FSCP (909.16)
The FSCP, will be located in a location as approved by Edmonds Fire Department.
The FSCP will be provided per § 909.16, for manual observation and control of fans and dampers, which are
a part of the smoke control system. The smoke control system will be controlled by the fire alarm system.
The fire alarm system will be UUKL listed for smoke control application. The panel will be programmed to
perform the weekly self -test of dedicated smoke control system elements. Any malfunction, or if the
manual switches are set to off -normal position, will cause visible and audible signals at the smoke control
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panel which will send a supervisory signal to the Central Monitoring Station.
Results of self -tests will be printed and maintained in the Fire Command Room and will be accessible to
inspection agencies. The FSCP will have the highest priority amongst the building system controls (except
fire damper closure due to elevated temperature), whether or not smoke control has been initiated.
SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME (909.17)
Activation of the smoke control system must be initiated immediately after receipt of the appropriate
automatic or manual activation command. The components must be activated in the sequence necessary
to prevent physical damage of the equipment. The component response times should be similar to those
response times listed below. The total response should not exceed 60 seconds, in accordance with standard
practice.
1. Control air isolation valves - immediately.
2. Smoke damper closing - 15 seconds maximum.
3. Smoke damper opening - 15 seconds maximum.
4. Fans starting or energizing -15 seconds maximum.
5. Fans stopping or de -energizing - immediately.
6. Fan volume modulation - 30 seconds maximum.
7. Pressure control modulation - 15 seconds maximum.
8. Temperature control safety override - immediately.
9. Positive indication of system status - 15 seconds maximum.
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE
Prior to commissioning the smoke control system, detailed smoke control system testing scenarios should
be developed by either the special inspector. The testing criteria should be reviewed by the City to ensure
that the methods of testing are acceptable.
TESTING PROCEDURES
Three copies of a final document describing testing procedures of all active fire protection systems will be
submitted to the City of Edmonds for review and comment as an electronic submittal. The preparation of
the test procedures should be prepared by and coordinated through the respective Contractor and
Engineer.
CONTROL DIAGRAMS
Three copies of the smoke management control diagrams should be submitted to the City of Edmonds prior
to beginning testing of control equipment.
SMOKE CONTROL SPECIAL INSPECTOR
United Building and Engineering Services, LLC has been retained to perform Smoke Control Special
Inspections to verify compliance with § 909.18. The smoke control system to be tested and a certificate of
compliance be provided by the special inspector and responsible registered design professional certifying
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that the referenced property is in substantial compliance. The certificate must identify the company,
designer, special inspector that performed the testing, name, date, and address of the property being
tested. The following statement must be included, "I have reviewed the report and by personal knowledge
and on -site observation certify that the smoke control system is in substantial compliance with the
approved design documents, and to the best of my understanding complies with requirements of
applicable codes as identified in the smoke control report."
PERIODIC OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
All active fire protection systems and devices will be regularly tested in accordance with applicable codes
and standards by qualified individuals acceptable to the City of Edmonds. In accordance with § 909.12 the
fire alarm/smoke control system will be programmed to automatically run a preprogrammed weekly test
sequence on the smoke control system. This will include operation of the smoke control fans and dampers.
Abnormal conditions will be reported audibly, visually, and by printer report.
Per the Bellevue Smoke Control Guidelines —the system must be maintained in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions and 2018 IFC Sections 909.12 and 909.20.1 to 909.20.5. In addition, the
Bellevue Fire Department Appendix E has additional requirements and standards.
The following table provides guidance for implementation of selected aspects of Smoke Control Systems to
be installed under the 2018 International Building Code, §909. The list is not intended to be a complete
compilation of all requirements and resulting features. It is simply added detail about issues that are
typically not well defined in smoke control system design documents and that have resulted in improper
installations.
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Code
Reference
Smoke Control System Feature
Firefighter's Smoke Control Panel (FSCP) Configuration
IBC §909.12 IBC
• FACP shall be listed as smoke control equipment. — UL 864 UUKL
§909.16.1
• Use of four status indicator lights (WHITE, RED, GREEN and AMBER) is specified
by the 2018 IBC
IBC §909.16.2
• The fire-fighter's control panel shall provide control capability over the complete
smoke -control system equipment within the building asfollows:
1. ON -AUTO -OFF control over each individual piece of operating smoke control
equipment that can also be controlled from other sources within the building. This
includes stairway & elevator pressurization fans; and other operating equipment
used or intended for smoke control purposes.
2. OPEN -AUTO -CLOSE control over individual dampers relating to smoke control
and that are also controlled from other sources within the building.
3. ON -OFF or OPEN -CLOSE control over smoke control and other critical equipment
associated with a fire or smoke emergency and that can only be controlled from
the fire-fighter's control panel.
Fire -Smoke Dampers (FSDs)
IBC §717.3.2
FSDs must be Leakage Type II/250OF minimum.
Detection and control system wiring
IBC §909.12.1
• In addition to meeting requirements of NFPA 70, National Electric Code, all wiring,
regardless of voltage, shall be fully enclosed within continuous raceways
Power Systems
IBC §909.11
The smoke control system shall be supplied with two sources of power. Primary power shall
be the normal building power systems. Secondary power shall be from an approved
standby source complying with NFPA 70, National Electric Code. The standby power source
and its transfer switches shall be in a separate room from the normal power transformers
and switch gear and shall be enclosed in a room constructed of not less than 1-hour fire -
resistance rated fire barriers ventilated directly to and from the exterior. Power distribution
from the two sources shall be by independent routes. Transfer to full standby power shall
be automatic and within 60 seconds of failure of the primary power. The systems shall
comply with the IBC or NFPA 70, National Electric Code.
Verification
IBC §909.12
The code requires methods of verification for actuation, testing, manual override, the
presence of downstream power for all disconnects, and printed reports summarizing
weekly preprogrammed tests accompanied by visual and audible signals if abnormal
conditions exist. Air flow for pressurization fans must therefore be verified using pressure
transducers listed for the intended ur ose or other approved means.
Control Device Locations
NFPA 72 (2010)
Fire alarm control modules shall be located within 3-feet of the controlled circuit or
§21.2.4
appliance. This rule applies to the following smoke control system components:
• Building Management System (BMS) control unit
• Fan controller (if the fan is controlled directly by the fire alarmsystem
• The 3-foot rule may not apply to FSDs that fail -closed upon loss of power and have
end switches to monitor their oosition.
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Weekly Self -Test
REFERENCES
ASHRAE (2001), American Society for Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2001 ASHRAE
Handbook -Fundamentals, American Society for Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, GA, 2001.
Budnick, E. K. (1984), "Estimating Effectiveness of State -of -the -Art Detectors and Automatic Sprinklers on
Life Safety in Residential Occupancies," NBSIR 84-2819, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD,
January 1984.
Evans, D. D., and Stroup, D. W. (1985), "Methods to Calculate the Response of Heat and Smoke Detectors
Installed Below Large Unobstructed Ceilings," NBSIR 85-3167, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,
M D, 1985.
Geiman, J.A., and Gottuk, D.T. [2003], "Alarm Thresholds for Smoke Detector Modeling," Fire Safety Science
— Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, 2003, pp. 197-208.
Klote, J.H (2013), "Elevator Pressurization in Tall Buildings", International Journal of High -Rise Buildings,
December 2013, Vol 2, No 4, pp 341-344.
Klote, J. H. (1990), "Fire Experiments of Zoned Smoke Control at the Plaza Hotel in Washington, DC,"
ASHRAE Transactions, 92 (2), 1990, pp. 399-416.
Klote, J. H., and Milke, J. A. (2002), Principles of Smoke Management, American Society for Heating
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2002.
Nelson, H. E. (1990), "FPETOOL: Fire Protection Engineering Tools for Hazard Evaluation," NISTIR 4380,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, March 1990.
Kung, Hsiang -Chang, et al. (1980), "Sprinkler Performance in Residential Fire Tests," prepared for the
Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Fire Administration 79019, Factory Mutual
Research Corporation, Norwood, MA, December 1980.
Tamaura, G. T. (1994), Smoke Movement and Control in High Rise Buildings, National Fire Protection
Association, Quincy, MA, 1994.
Walton, G. N. and Dols, Stuart (2005), "CONTAM 2.4 User Guide and Program Documentation," NISIR 7251,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2005.
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CONTAM MODEL RESULTS
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�iNL �. FNGINEERINL 51
Estimates have been made for the actual leakage areas for various construction elements in the building
based on the expected building construction. Final performance of the smoke control system should be
evaluated in the "as built" condition during commissioning testing to ensure that the smoke control system
is capable of providing the level of performance (i.e. pressure differentials and door opening forces at stair
doors) suggested by this report. CONTAM Modeling or "hand calculations" can easily over -size or under-
size fans due to assumptions for leakage rates. It is at least as equally important to take great care in
selecting fans matched with VFD rated motors over a wide range of airflows while operating in stable fan
regions.
UNITED has performed computer modeling of airflow throughout the entire building using the computer
model CONTAMW 3.1. Leakage values for average construction were evaluated. Additionally, the stair and
elevator pressurization fans will be provided with variable frequency drives to facilitate final balancing.
To clarify the meaning of "average" construction, values from Table 3.9 of the Handbook of Smoke Control
Engineering are shown to indicate leakage areas per unit area for average construction.
Additionally, the State of Washington has a requirement that the entire building envelope be leakage
tested to confirm that the leakage rate of the building envelope does not exceed 0.25 cfm/ft2 at a pressure
of 0.3 inches water gauge (2018 Washington Energy Code Section C402.4.1.2.3). These requirements
further support that assumed construction for the building.
Iahlr i 9: Flow Area. of AN: ll.and Floor. of( ,nui-dal
Buildin;:.l
%rea Ratio,
Construction Element
Leakage
Leakage
Arm per Unit Wall Area
in,ift,
fl'/ft'
m'!m'
Tight
72.10
5.0•10
5.0•10
Exterior building walls
Average
2.5•10-2
1.7•10-4
1.7•10-4
(includes construdion crack and cracks around
I.aosers)
5.0•10-2
3.5•10
33•104
windows and deo
very Loose
1.7.10
1.2.10-3
12.10-;
stairwell walls
Tight
2.0.10-3
1A-10-5
1.4.10
I includes conswcuon cracks but not cracks
Average
1.6.1(r2
1.1.1074
1.1•10-4
around w indows or doors)
Loose
5.0.1(r2
3.5.10-4
3.5.I04
Elevator shaft walls
Tight
2.6.le
1.8.1()4
1.8.1(p-4
t includes construction cracks but not cracks
Average
1.2.10
8A.104
8A-lCr-4
around doors)
Loose
2.6.10
1.8.10-3
1.8.10
Area Ratio'
Construction Element
Leakage
Leakage Area
per Unit Floor
Area
in'!ft'
ft!ft m'im'
Floors"
Tight"
9.5•104
6.6.106
6.6.10_6
(includes censtruction cracks and gaps around
Average
7.5.10
52.10'
52-10 5
penetrations)
Loose"
2A-IP2
1.7.1(4
1.7.10-4
IThrdme in thu wMe arcix use wilh do Drat cquelkm. Flowarearuinsforflow ffib.wlofC- 0.65n10.3in.14,005Pe).
Values R...d rmios based on preswvaeon mcwsurmnrnts m buildings by Tamura aM Nilsen 119661. Tenure and Stew t1976e: 19766: 1978) and Slow.
eardon. anCheunF 119931.
'Floor Ieakaee does not-- for gaps that wn be belwern o floor end a cunein wall.
Zucs canalx+laled from the ascrege fl«m lighmcss bnrcd on ranse of ughm«s of other canmrrion wmpmwnla.
Future building modifications including tenant improvements may impact the performance of the smoke
control system described in this report. Any substantial changes to the building should be reviewed for
their potential impact on the smoke control system design.
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
IBC §909.4 specifies that design of smoke control systems should be based on a rational engineering
analysis that must include consideration of stack effect, wind effects, and climate. Temperature effects
associated with the fire and air movement caused by the building's HVAC systems must also be considered.
Stack Effect
Stack effect is a phenomenon which will induce an upward or downward air flow within buildings due to
the temperature difference between a building's inside temperature and the outside ambient air
temperature. Generally, when the ambient air temperature is colder than the building temperature, air will
move upward through the building. This is commonly referred to as normal stack effect and will occur
under winter conditions. When the ambient air temperature is warmer than the building temperature, air
will move downward through the building. This is commonly referred to as reverse stack effect and will
occur under summer conditions. The magnitude of the stack effect induced air flow is directly dependent
on the magnitude of the temperature differential between the building and ambient, as well as the
building's height. Examples of the stack effect are depicted in Figure 1.
Note: Arrows indicate direction of air movement
wi trai Pler
Reverse Stack Effect
Figure ]. Stack effect flows in a building.
For the purposes of the analysis, the building is assumed to be at 68 'F. Climate data for the Seattle,
Washington area was obtained from the SFPE Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering [SFPE, 20121. The
design summer and winter conditions recommended by Tables 2.1 and 2.2 of the SFPE Handbook of Smoke
Control Engineering were used in the analysis:
Recommended design temperature (Winter): 24 °F Recommended design temperature (Summer): 85
°F
The smoke control system was designed to satisfy the required pressure differences using static fan sizes at
both the maximum and minimum ambient design temperatures.
Wind
The effect of wind on a building is a very complex phenomenon which is affected by building shape,
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building height, and even other nearby buildings. Wind pressures can vary widely across each face of a
building, making input of wind pressure into computer simulations difficult. Often, gross generalizations
regarding wind pressures have to be made due to lack of available data.
Also, the stairwells and elevator shafts are located interior to the building floor plate and would be
minimally affected by wind (if any). However, the effects of 20 miles per hour (mph) wind from the
southern direction (predominant direction for Seattle area) were included in the computer modeling.
HVAC Systems
Building HVAC systems in addition to those dedicated for smoke control purposes need to be evaluated for
their contribution to smoke movement within a building. Of particular concern are those systems, which
affect the pressure differentials of adjacent spaces. The parking garage ventilation fans were modeled as
continuing to operate during a fire event. The HVAC systems serving the building areas were modeled as
being required to shut down upon a fire alarm condition. Therefore, the ventilation system was not
included in the air flow analysis.
The interior environment for the computer modeling was as follows:
Inside building temperature in summer and winter - 70°F Shaft summer temperature - 78°F
Shaft winter temperature - 45°F
Design Fire
IBC §909.9 requires the design fire to be based on a rational analysis performed by a registered design
professional and approved by the fire code official. A design fire, defined by a heat release rate, is used by
fire protection engineers to calculate the exhaust capacities needed for atrium smoke control. The exhaust
rate needed for atrium smoke control is a function of the air entrainment rate into the rising smoke plume
(as well as the density of air at the temperature of the smoke layer). The air entrainment rate into the rising
smoke plume is a function of the atrium height and the heat release rate of the fire.
In the case of the proposed smoke control system, which is based on a pressure differential design
objective, it is not the heat release rate of the fire that matters but the resulting fire compartment
temperature. The minimum pressure differentials specified by code for sprinklered and non-sprinklered
buildings implicitly consider the maximum compartment temperatures possible in these two different
scenarios. For the same size fire (i.e. heat release rate), compartment temperatures can vary greatly
depending on the geometry of the enclosure and construction materials used. The temperature of the fire
compartment will dictate the buoyancy force of the hot gases.
See below for an analysis of temperature effects. As a result of this analysis, the smoke control system
design was not altered to accommodate for the temperature effects of a design fire. The 2018 IBC code
required minimum design pressures (0.10 inches of water) used in the stairwell and elevator pressurization
system design offers an additional safety factor for the design fire scenario.
Temperature Effects
IBC Section 909.4.2 requires that the buoyancy and expansion caused by the design fire be addressed. Both
empirical and theoretical approaches may be taken in this endeavor. It is the intent of the code that the
designer examines the potential impact of likely severe design fires on the particular fire protection
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systems and passive barrier systems present in a building. Based upon the analysis, logical steps can then
be taken to reduce the probability of smoke migration from the zone of fire origin to surrounding smoke
zones.
Empirical Data
Tests conducted at the Plaza Apartments (Klote, 1990) support the notion that uncontrolled and unchecked
production of hot gases (as might occur in an unsprinklered enclosure) creates the most severe conditions
with respect to expansion of hot fire gases within the zone of origin. For sprinkler- controlled fire scenarios,
the production of gases and smoke is dramatically reduced as a result of the cooling effects of water.
Further, the heat release rates (HRR) of controlled fire scenarios are typically far less than those observed
for similar uncontrolled fire scenarios, thereby limiting smoke production.
Theoretical Effects of Buoyancy
According to the principles of smoke control design, and documented in the Handbook of Smoke Control
Engineering, buoyancy forces of heated gases are a direct result of the density differential between the
heated and unheated or relatively unheated gases within a space. Equations 3.33, and 3.34 in Chapter 3 of
the ASHRAE text can similarly be applied to arrive at the pressure difference between a room or series of
rooms and surrounding spaces outside the space of fire origin.
Assuming that the heated gases within the space will be cooled by sprinklers to some temperature below
350°F, application of the above equations demonstrates that only minor pressure differences, in the range
of approximately 0.05 to 0.15 in. WC, will be achieved. It should be noted that for sprinkler -controlled fires,
smoke temperatures of 165°F (the activating temperature of the sprinklers) are considered more realistic
per NFPA 92, and even this value is considered somewhat conservative once the sprinkler system is
activated and mixing and cooling effects are considered2. In either case, the larger the space, the greater
the heat losses to the surroundings as the hot gas layer is diluted, and hence the smaller the pressure
gradient. Table 1 lists a variety of pressure gradients for rooms and fires of varying sizes, as well as
corresponding pressure gradients that would be anticipated.
TABLE 1 - EFFECTS OF BUOYANCY ON PRESSURE GRADIENT'
COMBUSTION GASES —TEMPERATURE AT
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES (IN. WC) (ASSUMES ROOM
CEILING 2F
TEMPERATURE OF 682E
1,290°F (uncontrolled)
0.35 (assumes 35 ft. height of space)
350°F (sprinkler controlled)
0.15 (assumes 30 ft. height of space)
350°F (sprinkler controlled)
0.05 (assumes 10 ft. height of space)
165°F (sprinkler controlled)
0.07 (assumes 30 ft. height of space)
165°F (sprinkler controlled)
0.02 (assumes 10 ft. height of space)
It is evident from the data in Table 1 that sprinkler controlled fires in spaces with lower ceiling heights
generate very small pressure gradients in the area of fire origin as a result of buoyancy. Based on this data,
it can be determined that buoyancy effects do not need to be considered in the stair and elevator
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pressurization system modeling performed for this project. This analysis assumes that the maximum
temperatures within the fire compartments will be less than 350°F since the building is fully sprinkler -
protected. The ceiling heights will generally be about 13 ft (or less) and the pressurization systems will be
designed to produce a minimum pressure difference of 0.10 in. WC, which will be greater than the
maximum expected buoyancy induced pressure gradients within the room of fire origin.
Theoretical
Effects of
Expansion
Smoke movement can also be caused by expansion from the energy released by a fire. The degree to which
expansion occurs and how the smoke migrates to adjacent spaces primarily depends on whether sprinklers
activate and the nature and quantity of leakage paths between the room of fire origin and the adjacent
spaces. The ratio of the volumetric flows into and out of the room of fire origin is expressed as a ratio of
absolute temperatures as shown in Equation 3.28 (Chapter 3) of the ASHRAE text Handbook of Smoke
Control Engineering.
iI
` ill Till
where
1 )llr = volumetric flow of smoke out of the fire
compartment, cfin (nil/s),
I111 = volumetric flow of air into the fire
compartment, cfin (m1/s).
Calculations using the above referenced equation demonstrate that for an unsprinklered fire having hot gas
temperatures of approximately 1,110°F, the hot gases produced by the fire will expand to approximately
three times their original volume.5 In comparison, for a sprinkler -controlled fire having gas temperatures of
approximately 350°F, the gases will expand to approximately 1.5 times their original volume. As steps are
taken to reduce the temperature of the hot gas layer, such as providing sprinklers that will discharge and
control the fire, the effects of expansion on smoke migration can be all but eliminated. For these reasons, it
was determined that the modeling performed for this analysis did not need to consider expansion effects.
It should be noted that the pressure differences due to the rapid evaporation of water and creation of
steam from water application on a fire were not included in the analysis. Tests have shown that under
normal conditions of sprinkler operation, sprinklers are activated by the first flow of gases rising from the
fire. Room temperature conditions are not hot enough at that point to cause an instantaneous evaporation
of a large volume of water [Tamura, 1994].
Duration of Operation
IBC Section 909.4.6 requires that all portions of the smoke control systems be capable of continued
operation for not less than 20 min. In addition, the stair and elevator shafts will be enclosed with 2-hour
fire -resistance (FRR) rated construction and will have 90 min. protected opening assemblies. The shaft
pressurization and associated ducts, control wiring and power wiring will also be enclosed in 2-hour
construction for separation from the rest of the building.
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CONTAM MODEL ANALYSIS
A model of The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project was constructed using CONTAM 3.1c, a multizone
building air flow and contaminant dispersal modeled developed at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST). This program is recognized by leading fire protection engineering resources (NFPA 92
[2012], Principles of Smoke Management [Klote, Milke 2012]) as being appropriate for the design of
pressurization smoke control systems.
There are two primary reasons for using the computer model, CONTAM, as opposed to standard hand -
calculations to evaluate the proposed smoke control system.
As part of a rational analysis of the smoke control system, per IBC §909.4, CONTAM was used to evaluate
the proposed smoke control system under different combinations of wind speed and outdoor
temperatures, which could create pressure and airflow conditions within the building that cause smoke
infiltration into the stairs, or elevator shafts. This evaluation would be extremely difficult to perform solely
using hand calculation methods.
The unpredictable nature of closing doors, limited air relief during smoke control system operation, and
other items introduces significant complexity to the smoke control systems. Evaluating these features with
hand calculations is not realistic.
CONTAM Scenarios and Results
A series of CONTAM simulations were conducted to evaluate the proposed smoke control system as part of
the rational analysis defined by IBC §909.4.
The proposed smoke control system is capable of maintaining conditions such that the interior exit
stairways are pressurized to a minimum of 0.10 w.c. and a maximum of 0.35 w.c. in the shaft with respect
to the building with all stairway doors closed under maximum anticipated stack and wind pressures and
also maintain an elevator door pressure differential of a minimum 0.10 w.c. and a maximum of 0.25 w.c.
across the elevator door.
It is important to note that a differential pressure of 0.10 w.c. is sufficient to prevent the passage of smoke
created from a sprinklered fire as shown in the "Design Fire" section of this report.
CONTAM MODEL RESULTS
This section describes the analysis of the smoke control systems using CONTAM and the results of the
analysis. The following conditions were modeled as part of the CONTAM analysis:
• The actual architectural configuration of The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project
• Leakages through different construction elements, including walls, floors, doors, and other air
transfer openings
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• Air flow locations and quantities matching the design for the smoke control system
• Extreme weather conditions to account for stack effect and wind effect
The results of the CONTAM computer modeling are presented at the end of this section in terms of the
pressure differentials across residential floors and stair / elevator doors. The results were compared with
the design criteria summarized in the following table:
Smoke Control System
Design Criteria
Stairwell Pressurization System - Pressure
difference to all floors
0.10 in. w.c. min. to 0.35 in. w.c. max.
Elevator Pressurization System — Pressure
Difference to all floors (except recall floor)
0.10 in. w.c. min. to 0.25 in. w.c. max
The results of the CONTAM analysis depend on the leakage through different construction elements. The
leakage factors used in the CONTAM model are based on the information in "Principals of Smoke
Management" by John Klote and James Milke, which could be different from the leakage factors in the
actual building. The actual performance of the smoke control system might change if the leakage of the
actual building components differs from the leakages modeled in this analysis. Based on the results of the
CONTAM modeling summarized in this section and subject to the limitations outlined in this analysis and
referenced documents, the designed smoke control systems for The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment
project is capable of meeting the design criteria outlined above.
Smoke Control Svstems
The smoke control systems for The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project is based on developing
pressure differences between stair / elevator shafts and adjacent spaces. The CONTAM model has been
used to analyze the stair and elevator pressurization systems. The design of the smoke control systems is
summarized below.
A. Smoke Control System Modeling
The smoke control systems have been evaluated under varying weather conditions. The results
outlined at the end of this section are designed to both analyze the capabilities of the smoke
control systems to achieve the design criteria and to provide guidance on the impact of various
weather conditions on the pressure differentials in the building that can be used as part of the
smoke control system testing.
1. CONTAM Model (CONTAM 3.1c)
CONTAM is a computer program developed by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) for multi -zone indoor air quality and ventilation analysis that can calculate air
flows and pressure differentials under a range of weather conditions. The CONTAM model works
by dividing the space into multiple zones. Each zone is assumed to be well -mixed, meaning that
the state properties (i.e. temperature) within each zone are uniform. Airflow between different
zones driven by mechanical means, wind pressures, and buoyancy effects (induced by the
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temperature difference between zones) are calculated by CONTAM.
In this analysis, a CONTAM 3.1c model has been developed for The Anthology at Edmonds
Apartment project from Level 1 to Roof (all levels). Each floor has been divided into multiple
zones, including one zone for each of the vertical shafts, one zone for the corridor, one zone for
the apartment units, etc. Zones are connected by flow paths described in the following section.
2. Building Leakage
Building leakage was modeled as one-way flow using a power law relationship using a pressure
exponent of 0.65. The effective leakage areas below are based on values found in "Principles of
Smoke Management" by John Klote and James Milke. Since the final construction is not yet
complete, the values chosen represent leakage looser than average.
Construction Element
Leakage Area Ratio - A/Aw
Exterior walls
0.001
Corridor walls
0.0018
Stairwell walls
0.00035
Elevator walls
0.0015
3. Doors
Doors were modeled as one-way flow using a power law relationship and a flow exponent of 0.65
consistent with the data source for the leakage area. Door leakage areas were based on
"Principles of Smoke Management" by John Klote and James Milke:
Construction Element
Leakage Area Per Door (sq.
ft.)
Exterior doors
0.461
Residential doors
0.300
Stairwell doors
0.244
Elevator doors (open)
6.00
Elevator doors (closed)
0.37
The discharge coefficients used in the CONTAM model are based on the "Principles of Smoke
Management" by John Klote and James Milke.
4. Other Openings
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Other openings to the exterior within each of dwelling units, including operable windows, toilet
exhausts, fireplace exhausts, range exhausts, dryer exhausts, and ventilation intakes, are
accounted for in using loose leakage factors in the model. In addition, any variability caused by
these openings will be compensated by a factor of safety of 25% used in the calculation of the
required air flow rate.
5. Weather Conditions
CONTAM is capable of incorporating the effects of weather on a building. Weather parameters
include ambient temperature, barometric pressure, wind speed, and wind direction. The
weather conditions used in the CONTAM model are as follows (previously described in our
report).
Season
Outside Temperature (°F)
Building Temperature (°F)
Shaft Temperature (°F)
Winter
24
70
45
Summer
85
70
78
Wind speed data is also taken from the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, and is based
on the 1% extreme annual wind speed (20 mph). The worst -case wind speed direction was used,
regardless of the prevailing wind direction presented in the data.
6. Air Handling Units
The mechanical smoke control systems design for The Anthology at Edmonds Apartment project
are modeled as "Air Handling Systems" in CONTAM. CONTAM has the capability of considering
both the quantity and location of supply and exhaust that will be provided as part of the smoke
control systems. All pressurization systems include a single injection point at the top of the shaft.
Since the smoke control systems (potentially) have been over -designed to allow them to be
properly balanced in the field to achieve the required pressure differences, the smoke control
systems have been manually balanced in CONTAM within the designed fan capacities to achieve
the required pressure differences. Note that the smoke control systems will need to be balanced
in the field and may differ from the flow rates used in the model, because the actual leakage of
the building elements may differ from those used in the CONTAM model.
B. Design Scenarios
The anticipated performance of the smoke control systems has been analyzed under extreme
climate conditions. Four design scenarios have been analyzed as follows:
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Scenario
Effective Season
Wind Effect
1
Summer
None
2
Summer
20 mph
3
Winter
None
4
Winter
20 mph
C. Analysis Results
The air flows required to achieve proper pressurization of the stair and elevator shafts are shown
in the table below. A factor of safety of 25% is included and will compensate for discrepancy
between the estimated leakage factors and actual building leakage. Fans will have Variable
Frequency Drives (VFD's) to provide the ability to adjust the airflow during final balancing and
adjustments.
Pressurized
Shaft
Required Airflow Rate at Top
of Shaft (CFM)
SPF-1
5,000
SPF-2
5,000
EPF-1
11,500
Elevator recall floors are as follows:
o Primary Recall Floor = Level 1
o Alternate Recall Floor = Level 2 (this floor will also require a minimum 12 SF of free
area relief)
The stair and elevator fans are a utility set with a backward inclined fan wheel. This fan is
classified as a non -overloading fan. We typically desire to have the fans final balanced for this
project at or near 0.20" w.c. (this does yield higher CFM's than calculation at 0.10" w.c.). Beyond
CONTAM modeling, this will be final balanced in the field under our direction and approval to
operate per Code requirements in a manner that does not operate in any unstable conditions for
the fan (RPM, amp, etc.).
We recommend that a utility set fan (Greenheck USF) with backward inclined fan wheel to be
used. Minimum external static pressure for sizing is 0.75" (we will want to review final
mechanical design along with fan curves for the stair and elevator pressurization fans). In
addition, each fan is provided with a VFD. The basis of design is an ABB ACH 580 in a NEMA-3R
enclosure mounted by each stair and elevator pressurization fan.
A final discussion is provided on the proper selection of the stair and elevator pressurization fans.
The stair and elevator pressurization fans need to be carefully selected and matched with a
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variable frequency to be able to work over a wide range of airflows without the fan operating in
an unstable or improper area on the fan curve. As discussed in this report, CONTAM modeling
or "hand calculations" can both as easily undersize or oversize smoke control fans because
assumptions have to be made on leakage rates thru the various building structures. We believe
in applying safety factors on the total airflow while equally applying our HVAC knowledge in the
proper selection of fans that can operate without any issues over a wide range of airflows and
matched with an appropriate variable frequency drive. Final balancing will then be utilized under
our guidance to insure proper actual pressure differentials are utilized.
IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
o All stair doors are to be supplied with Pemko adjustable door bottoms. Basis of design
performance is a Pemko 4301_PKL Automatic Door Bottom
o Elevator shaft is pressurized and is required to be airtight. All joints, edges, panels are
to be fire caulked and sealed for this shaft. We assumed only a small amount of
leakage via the elevator shaft
o Elevator doors are to be installed in accordance with NFPA-252 to maintain the fire
rating of the elevator door. This is also essential for smoke control as the maximum
elevator door gap allowed is 3/8" (this helps also determine the elevator
pressurization air leakage)
o Elevator fronts are required to be sealed / fire caulked to sheetrock shaft
o Stair shafts are also pressurized and are required to be airtight. All joints, edges,
panels are to be fire caulked and sealed for these shafts
o All shafts are indirectly pressurized. All joints, edges, panels are to be fire caulked and
sealed for these shafts
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